Gender pay gap

Gender pay gap

Wikipedia: The average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Two distinct numbers: non-adjusted vs adjusted pay gap (taking into account differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education and job experience).

EC: The unadjusted gender pay gap is defined as the difference between the average gross hourly earnings of men and women expressed as a percentage of the average gross hourly earnings of men

GPG levels vary significantly across EU

PT v FT employment

2020 GPG for PT ranged from -5.1 % in ITA to 22.0 % in the NL

Selection bias: (esp when ER is lower for women than for men: women engaging in the labour market may have comparatively higher skills and education levels than men)

GPG much lower for young employees

Highest GPG in financial and industrial activities

Higher in private sector

CAUSES: Parts of the GPG can be explained by:

(i) Differences in average characteristics of male and female employees

(ii) Differences in financial returns for the same characteristics

OECD: Difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men (full-time employees and self-employed separately).

OECD Germany GPG

Aspects that affect gender pay gaps:

education and educational choices by boys and girls and men and women matter

social norms and their dynamics matter

workplace cultures and practices matter